"... all women and men are created equal
and made unequal only by socialization".
- Declaration of Women's Independence, Bread and Roses,1970
Prior Conditions
Before the 1970s, women were stereotyped as homemakers. They were discouraged from pursuing education and professional careers.
Prior Perception
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"Women Know Your Limits"
Source: BBC World Wide Channel |
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Prior Education
 "Luci Baines Johnson, was refused readmission to Georgetown University's school of nursing after her marriage: in 1966, the school did not permit married women to be students."
Source: U.S. Department of Education, Title IX: 25 Years of Progress, June 1997 |
 "During Congressional hearings on discrimination against women, Rep. Martha Griffiths (D-MI) testified that in Virginia in 1970, 21,000 women and no men were turned down for admission to state schools. (09/71)"
Source: Feminist Chronicles, 1971 |
The Lawsuits
Due to the increasing amount of sex discrimination in higher education, many pro-women organizations, like NOW, WEAL, etc. filed lawsuits against universities.
"While volunteering for the Women's Equity Action League from 1969 to 1971, Dr. Sandler worked to enforce an Executive Order [11246] signed by President Lyndon Johnson that prohibited sex discrimination within organizations with federal contracts." - Bernice R. Sandler, Maryland State Archives
"In January 1970, she [Dr. Sandler] and a small band of women (and a few “men of goodwill”) filed the first complaints against every college with federal contracts, about 250 of them. “It was very easy to do,” she recalled" -"The Real Story Behind the Passage of Title IX 35 Years Ago", Women in Higher Education, 1998-2012
"In January 1970, she [Dr. Sandler] and a small band of women (and a few “men of goodwill”) filed the first complaints against every college with federal contracts, about 250 of them. “It was very easy to do,” she recalled" -"The Real Story Behind the Passage of Title IX 35 Years Ago", Women in Higher Education, 1998-2012
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Go to "Road To Title IX" page
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