"... all women and men are created equal
and made unequal only by socialization".
- Declaration of Women's Independence, Bread and Roses,1970
Prior Conditions
Before the 1970s, women were stereotyped as homemakers. They were discouraged from pursuing education and professional careers.
Prior Perception
"Women Know Your Limits"
Source: BBC World Wide Channel |
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Prior Education
"Luci Baines Johnson, was refused readmission to Georgetown University's school of nursing after her marriage: in 1966, the school did not permit married women to be students."
Source: U.S. Department of Education, Title IX: 25 Years of Progress, June 1997 |
"During Congressional hearings on discrimination against women, Rep. Martha Griffiths (D-MI) testified that in Virginia in 1970, 21,000 women and no men were turned down for admission to state schools. (09/71)"
Source: Feminist Chronicles, 1971 |
The Lawsuits
Due to the increasing amount of sex discrimination in higher education, many pro-women organizations, like NOW, WEAL, etc. filed lawsuits against universities.

"While volunteering for the Women's Equity Action League from 1969 to 1971, Dr. Sandler worked to enforce an Executive Order [11246] signed by President Lyndon Johnson that prohibited sex discrimination within organizations with federal contracts." - Bernice R. Sandler, Maryland State Archives
"In January 1970, she [Dr. Sandler] and a small band of women (and a few “men of goodwill”) filed the first complaints against every college with federal contracts, about 250 of them. “It was very easy to do,” she recalled" -"The Real Story Behind the Passage of Title IX 35 Years Ago", Women in Higher Education, 1998-2012
"In January 1970, she [Dr. Sandler] and a small band of women (and a few “men of goodwill”) filed the first complaints against every college with federal contracts, about 250 of them. “It was very easy to do,” she recalled" -"The Real Story Behind the Passage of Title IX 35 Years Ago", Women in Higher Education, 1998-2012
Go to "Road To Title IX" page
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